Scrub typhus disease commonly known as Chellu Paani disease is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. Humans come into contact with this bacterium when bitten by infected larval mites, especially those belonging to the genus Leptotrombidium. In Asia, Pacific Islands, and some regions of Australia, these mites are typically found in rural and forested environments. It is most commonly found in rural areas and is prevalent in regions with heavy vegetation.
A person who is bitten by an infected mite will develop an eschar, or bite site ulcer or sore, as a result of the bacteria the mite injects into the skin. The bacteria then spread through the bloodstream, causing systemic symptoms.
Symptoms:
Scrub typhus symptoms usually appear six to twenty-one days after an infected mite bite. Common symptoms include:
- Fever: This can be minor or high-grade, and it is typically the first symptom to appear.
- Muscle pain: Aches and pains in the body, especially in the back and limbs, are common.
- Dry cough: Cough: A dry cough is a possible symptom for certain people.
- Headache: Patients frequently have severe headaches, which can be draining.
- Rash: If one occurs, it usually begins on the trunk and spreads to the limbs.
- Symptoms related to the digestive system: Diarrhoea, vomiting, and nausea are possible.
Chellu Paani can cause complications like meningitis, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute renal injury, liver failure, and even death if not treated on time.
Scrub typhus is typically diagnosed based on clinical symptoms as well as laboratory tests, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests to identify the bacteria in blood samples or serological assays to detect antibodies against Orientia tsutsugamushi.
Treatment:
Antibiotics, mainly azithromycin or doxycycline, are used in treatment. Scrub typhus is usually treated with this Azithromycin as the first line of treatment. It is usually prescribed for a period of 7 to 14 days and is very efficient against Orientia tsutsugamushi. Although Doxycycline is safe for adults and kids alike, it is not advised for use in pregnant women or children younger than 8 years old because of the possibility of tooth discolouration and inhibition of skeletal growth.
In addition to antibiotics, care is necessary to avoid complications caused due to Chellu Paani. Treatment must be started as soon as possible to avoid complications and lower the chance of developing a serious illness. Hospitalization may be required in extreme situations to provide supportive treatment and monitoring.