The spread of cholera, a preventable and treatable disease, has become more dangerous, with a significant increase in global deaths last year, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Though it can be managed with simple treatments, large outbreaks are overwhelming health systems, even in countries that have not faced this for years.
Rise in Cholera Deaths and Cases
The number of cholera deaths worldwide in 2023 jumped by 71% compared to 2022, while reported cases only rose by 13%. This sharp rise in deaths was largely due to conflict and climate change, which have worsened the spread of the disease. Cholera is particularly deadly because it can cause death within a day if not treated with oral rehydration salts (ORS) or IV fluids.
WHO estimates that more than 4,000 cholera deaths were officially reported last year. However, the actual number of deaths could exceed 100,000. The disease, which causes severe diarrhea and vomiting, has always affected the poorest populations, especially those with limited access to clean water. Despite its preventable nature, cholera continues to be a serious public health threat.
Africa Hit Hard by Cholera
In 2023, This cases were reported in 45 countries, a significant increase from 35 countries in 2021. Africa, in particular, experienced a 125% rise in cases compared to the previous year. The disease, which has historically been most common in the Middle East and Asia, has shifted its global burden toward Africa.
In India, poor hygiene and sanitation remain major contributors to cholera outbreaks. In some areas, contaminated water supplies are responsible for spreading the disease, as poor infrastructure fails to keep water sources clean. Vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, and pregnant women are at higher risk due to weaker immunity and living conditions.
Vaccines: Availability and Challenges
There are vaccines available to prevent it, such as Duoral, Shancol, and Euvicol. These vaccines are administered in two doses, but there is a limited stockpile globally. This shortage, along with inadequate disease surveillance, has made it prevention difficult in high-burden countries like India.
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To stop the spread of it, improving access to clean water, proper sanitation, and vaccination are crucial steps. Without these measures, This will continue to pose a major health threat, particularly in areas affected by conflict, climate change, and poor infrastructure.